Mortgage Vocabulary and Ratios

Mortgage Vocabulary and Ratios: Key Terms and Definitions

Understanding mortgage vocabulary and key financial ratios is crucial for navigating the home financing process. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you understand the essential terms and ratios used in the mortgage industry.

Mortgage Vocabulary

Amortization

The process of gradually paying off a loan through regular payments of principal and interest over a set period.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)

The total annual cost of a loan, including interest and fees, expressed as a percentage.

Appraisal

A professional assessment of a property’s value, conducted by a licensed appraiser, used by lenders to determine the loan amount.

Closing Costs

Fees and expenses incurred during the finalization of a real estate transaction, including appraisal fees, title insurance, and attorney fees. These costs are often negotiable and may include:

Origination Fee: A fee charged by the lender for processing a new loan application, typically expressed as a percentage of the loan amount.

Processing Fee: A fee charged by the lender or broker to cover the administrative costs of processing the loan application.

Appraisal Fee: The cost of a professional assessment of the property’s value.

Lender Title Insurance Fee: Insurance that protects the lender from losses due to disputes over property ownership.

Homeowner Title Insurance Fee: Insurance that protects the homeowner from losses due to title issues.

Escrow Fee: A fee charged by the escrow company for handling the closing process, including the transfer of funds and documents.

Notary Fee: A fee charged by a notary public for verifying the signatures on legal documents.

Homeowners Association (HOA) Fees: Fees required by some communities for maintenance of common areas and other services.

Prepaid Insurance: Homeowner’s insurance premiums that must be paid in advance.

Prepaid Taxes: Property taxes that must be paid in advance.

Recording Fee: A fee charged by the local government to record the mortgage and property ownership documents in public records.

Collateral

Property or assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan, which the lender can seize if the borrower defaults.

Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR):

A ratio used to measure a property’s ability to cover its debt obligations. It is calculated by dividing the property’s net operating income by its total debt service. Formula:

DSCR/Net Operating Income (NOI)

Total Debt Service

DSCR= Total Debt Service / Net Operating Income (NOI)

Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI):

A ratio that compares a borrower’s total monthly debt payments to their gross monthly income. It helps lenders assess the borrower’s ability to manage monthly payments.

Down Payment:

The initial upfront payment made by a buyer towards the purchase price of a property, typically expressed as a percentage of the total price.

Equity:

The difference between the market value of a property and the outstanding mortgage balance. It represents the homeowner’s financial interest in the property.

Fixed-Rate Mortgage:

A mortgage with an interest rate that remains constant throughout the loan term, resulting in stable monthly payments.

Interest Rate:

The percentage charged by the lender on the loan amount paid by the borrower over the life of the loan.

Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV):

A ratio that compares the loan amount to the appraised value or purchase price of the property. It helps lenders assess the risk of the loan.

Mortgage Insurance:

Insurance that protects the lender if the borrower defaults on the loan. It is often required for loans with an LTV ratio higher than 80%.

Principal:

The original loan amount borrowed, excluding interest and fees.

Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI):

A type of mortgage insurance required for conventional loans with less than 20% down payment. It protects the lender in case of default.

Refinance:

The process of replacing an existing mortgage with a new one, typically to secure a lower interest rate or better loan terms.

Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate):

A ratio used to estimate the return on an investment property, calculated by dividing the property’s net operating income by its current market value or purchase price. Formula:

Cap Rate=Net Operating Income (NOI) / Current Market Value or Purchase Price

SBA Qualification Rate:

The interest rate at which a borrower qualifies for a Small Business Administration (SBA) loan. This rate is influenced by the borrower’s creditworthiness and the prime interest rate.

Net Operating Income (NOI):

The total income generated by a property after deducting operating expenses (excluding debt service and taxes). Formula:

NOI = Gross Operating Income − Operating Expenses

Impound Account:

An account set up by the lender to collect and hold funds for property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and other related expenses. Also known as an escrow account.

Non-Impound Account:

An arrangement where the borrower is responsible for paying property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and other related expenses directly, without the use of an escrow account.

VA Closing Costs:

Fees and expenses associated with closing a VA loan, which may include the VA funding fee, appraisal fee, credit report fee, and other standard closing costs.

FHA Closing Costs:

Fees and expenses associated with closing an FHA loan, which may include the upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP), appraisal fee, and other standard closing costs.

Escrow Fee:

A fee charged by the escrow company for handling the closing process, including the transfer of funds and documents.

Title Fee:

Fees associated with the title search and title insurance, which protect the lender and borrower from potential title issues.

Title Insurance Fee:

The cost of insurance that protects against losses arising from disputes over property ownership or lines.

Loan Origination Fee:

A fee charged by the lender for processing a new loan application, typically expressed as a percentage of the loan amount.

Underwriting Fee:

A fee charged by the lender to cover the cost of evaluating and verifying a loan application and the borrower’s financial information.

Processing Fee:

A fee charged by the lender or broker to cover the administrative costs of processing the loan application.

Recording Fee:

A fee charged by the local government to record the mortgage and property ownership documents in the public records.

Notary Fee:

A fee charged by a notary public for verifying the signatures on legal documents.

Environmental Report Fee:

A fee charged for conducting an environmental assessment to identify potential environmental risks associated with the property.

Collateral

Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR):

Measures a property’s ability to generate enough income to cover its debt obligations. Formula:

DSCR = Net Operating Income (NOI) / Total Debt Service

 

A DSCR of 1.25 or higher is generally preferred by lenders, indicating the property generates 25% more income than required to cover debt payments.

Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI):

Front-End Ratio: Also known as the housing ratio, it calculates the percentage of gross monthly income spent on housing expenses (mortgage payments, property taxes, insurance). Formula:

Front-End DTI =Monthly Housing Expenses / Gross Monthly Income

Back-End Ratio: This ratio includes all monthly debt payments (housing expenses, credit cards, car loans, student loans) compared to gross monthly income. Formula:

Back-End DTI= Total Monthly Debt Payments /  Gross Monthly Income

Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV):

Indicates the loan amount as a percentage of the property’s appraised value or purchase price. Formula:

LTV=Loan Amount / Appraised Value or Purchase

​Combined Loan-to-Value Ratio (CLTV):

Similar to LTV, but includes all loans secured by the property, such as a primary mortgage and a home equity loan. Formula:

CLTV=Total Loan Balances / Appraised Value or Purchase Price

Appraised Value or Purchase Price

Housing Expense Ratio:

Measures the percentage of gross monthly income spent on housing expenses alone. Formula:

Housing Expense Ratio = Monthly Housing Expenses / Gross Monthly Income

Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate):

Indicates the potential return on an investment property. Formula:

Cap Rate = Net Operating Income (NOI)/ Current Market Value or Purchase Price