Understanding mortgage vocabulary and key financial ratios is crucial for navigating the home financing process. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you understand the essential terms and ratios used in the mortgage industry.
The process of gradually paying off a loan through regular payments of principal and interest over a set period.
The total annual cost of a loan, including interest and fees, expressed as a percentage.
A professional assessment of a property’s value, conducted by a licensed appraiser, used by lenders to determine the loan amount.
Fees and expenses incurred during the finalization of a real estate transaction, including appraisal fees, title insurance, and attorney fees. These costs are often negotiable and may include:
Origination Fee: A fee charged by the lender for processing a new loan application, typically expressed as a percentage of the loan amount.
Processing Fee: A fee charged by the lender or broker to cover the administrative costs of processing the loan application.
Appraisal Fee: The cost of a professional assessment of the property’s value.
Lender Title Insurance Fee: Insurance that protects the lender from losses due to disputes over property ownership.
Homeowner Title Insurance Fee: Insurance that protects the homeowner from losses due to title issues.
Escrow Fee: A fee charged by the escrow company for handling the closing process, including the transfer of funds and documents.
Notary Fee: A fee charged by a notary public for verifying the signatures on legal documents.
Homeowners Association (HOA) Fees: Fees required by some communities for maintenance of common areas and other services.
Prepaid Insurance: Homeowner’s insurance premiums that must be paid in advance.
Prepaid Taxes: Property taxes that must be paid in advance.
Recording Fee: A fee charged by the local government to record the mortgage and property ownership documents in public records.
Property or assets pledged by a borrower to secure a loan, which the lender can seize if the borrower defaults.
Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR):
A ratio used to measure a property’s ability to cover its debt obligations. It is calculated by dividing the property’s net operating income by its total debt service. Formula:
DSCR/Net Operating Income (NOI)
Total Debt Service
DSCR= Total Debt Service / Net Operating Income (NOI)
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI):
A ratio that compares a borrower’s total monthly debt payments to their gross monthly income. It helps lenders assess the borrower’s ability to manage monthly payments.
Down Payment:
The initial upfront payment made by a buyer towards the purchase price of a property, typically expressed as a percentage of the total price.
Equity:
The difference between the market value of a property and the outstanding mortgage balance. It represents the homeowner’s financial interest in the property.
Fixed-Rate Mortgage:
A mortgage with an interest rate that remains constant throughout the loan term, resulting in stable monthly payments.
Interest Rate:
The percentage charged by the lender on the loan amount paid by the borrower over the life of the loan.
Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV):
A ratio that compares the loan amount to the appraised value or purchase price of the property. It helps lenders assess the risk of the loan.
Mortgage Insurance:
Insurance that protects the lender if the borrower defaults on the loan. It is often required for loans with an LTV ratio higher than 80%.
Principal:
The original loan amount borrowed, excluding interest and fees.
Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI):
A type of mortgage insurance required for conventional loans with less than 20% down payment. It protects the lender in case of default.
Refinance:
The process of replacing an existing mortgage with a new one, typically to secure a lower interest rate or better loan terms.
Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate):
A ratio used to estimate the return on an investment property, calculated by dividing the property’s net operating income by its current market value or purchase price. Formula:
Cap Rate=Net Operating Income (NOI) / Current Market Value or Purchase Price
SBA Qualification Rate:
The interest rate at which a borrower qualifies for a Small Business Administration (SBA) loan. This rate is influenced by the borrower’s creditworthiness and the prime interest rate.
Net Operating Income (NOI):
The total income generated by a property after deducting operating expenses (excluding debt service and taxes). Formula:
NOI = Gross Operating Income − Operating Expenses
Impound Account:
An account set up by the lender to collect and hold funds for property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and other related expenses. Also known as an escrow account.
Non-Impound Account:
An arrangement where the borrower is responsible for paying property taxes, homeowner’s insurance, and other related expenses directly, without the use of an escrow account.
VA Closing Costs:
Fees and expenses associated with closing a VA loan, which may include the VA funding fee, appraisal fee, credit report fee, and other standard closing costs.
FHA Closing Costs:
Fees and expenses associated with closing an FHA loan, which may include the upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP), appraisal fee, and other standard closing costs.
Escrow Fee:
A fee charged by the escrow company for handling the closing process, including the transfer of funds and documents.
Title Fee:
Fees associated with the title search and title insurance, which protect the lender and borrower from potential title issues.
Title Insurance Fee:
The cost of insurance that protects against losses arising from disputes over property ownership or lines.
Loan Origination Fee:
A fee charged by the lender for processing a new loan application, typically expressed as a percentage of the loan amount.
Underwriting Fee:
A fee charged by the lender to cover the cost of evaluating and verifying a loan application and the borrower’s financial information.
Processing Fee:
A fee charged by the lender or broker to cover the administrative costs of processing the loan application.
Recording Fee:
A fee charged by the local government to record the mortgage and property ownership documents in the public records.
Notary Fee:
A fee charged by a notary public for verifying the signatures on legal documents.
Environmental Report Fee:
A fee charged for conducting an environmental assessment to identify potential environmental risks associated with the property.
Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR):
Measures a property’s ability to generate enough income to cover its debt obligations. Formula:
DSCR = Net Operating Income (NOI) / Total Debt Service
A DSCR of 1.25 or higher is generally preferred by lenders, indicating the property generates 25% more income than required to cover debt payments.
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI):
Front-End Ratio: Also known as the housing ratio, it calculates the percentage of gross monthly income spent on housing expenses (mortgage payments, property taxes, insurance). Formula:
Front-End DTI =Monthly Housing Expenses / Gross Monthly Income
Back-End Ratio: This ratio includes all monthly debt payments (housing expenses, credit cards, car loans, student loans) compared to gross monthly income. Formula:
Back-End DTI= Total Monthly Debt Payments / Gross Monthly Income
Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV):
Indicates the loan amount as a percentage of the property’s appraised value or purchase price. Formula:
LTV=Loan Amount / Appraised Value or Purchase
Combined Loan-to-Value Ratio (CLTV):
Similar to LTV, but includes all loans secured by the property, such as a primary mortgage and a home equity loan. Formula:
CLTV=Total Loan Balances / Appraised Value or Purchase Price
Appraised Value or Purchase Price
Housing Expense Ratio:
Measures the percentage of gross monthly income spent on housing expenses alone. Formula:
Housing Expense Ratio = Monthly Housing Expenses / Gross Monthly Income
Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate):
Indicates the potential return on an investment property. Formula:
Cap Rate = Net Operating Income (NOI)/ Current Market Value or Purchase Price
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